FIRST SATELLITE

FIRST SATELLITE:

Sputnik 1 launched in 1957 by Soviet Union –

ü Polar orbit type

ü Periapsis 6,586k.m & Apoapsis 7,310k.m

ü Altitude – 250k.m

ü Inclination – 65.1^o

ü Type of Purpose – Atmospheric Studies

ü Orbital Speed(time taken by 1 complete orbit) – 96.2 min

ü Working Period – Oct 1957 to Jan 1958

ü Launching Vehicle – Sputnik Rocket

ü Weight – 83.6kg

Other Satellites after Sputnik by Russia Till Date –

§ Express AM, Yamal & Bonum (totally 14 satellites on Geostationary orbit)– Satellite Communication

America’s First Satellite – Explorer 1 launched in 1958 January 31

ü Polar orbit type

ü Periapsis 354k.m & Apoapsis 2515k.m

ü Inclination – 33.24^o

ü Type of Purpose – Earth Science

ü Orbital Speed(time taken by 1 complete orbit) – 114.8 min

ü Working Period – Jan1958 to May 1958 but remains in orbit up to 1970

ü Launching Vehicle – Juno 1 Rocket

ü Weight – 13.97 kg

Other Satellites after Explorer 1 by U.S Till Date –

§ USA 1 to 232 for the various purpose of

o Missile Warning, Optical Imaging, Navigation, Technology, Communication, Science, Satellite Tracking, Radar Imaging, Weather, Naval, Electronic Signal Intelligence, Ocean Surveillance, Anti Satellite Weapon.

India’s First Satellite – Aryabhata launched in 1975 April 19

ü Polar orbit type

ü Perigee 563k.m & Apogee 619k.m

ü Altitude

ü Inclination – 50.7^o

ü Duration to reach Space position

ü Type of Purpose – Astrophysics

ü Orbital Speed(time taken by 1 complete orbit) – 96 min

ü Working Period – 5days but remains in the orbit till 1992

ü Launching Vehicle – Cosmos 3M Rocket

ü Weight – 358kg

Other Satellites after Aryabhata by India Till Date –

§ Bhaskara – Remote Sensing Satellite

§ Rohini – Experimental Launch of SLV 3

§ INSAT – Multipurpose Communication & Meteorology- Geo stationary

§ IRS – Earth Observation Satellite

§ G SAT - Experimental Launch of GSLV

§ Kalpana 1 – First Meteorology satellite built by ISRO-Geo stationary

§ EDU SAT – Educational Purpose - Geo stationary

§ HAM SAT – Micro satellite for radio services

§ CARTOSAT – Remote sensing satellite/Earth observation

§ Chandrayan – Unmanned Lunar Probe

§ RISAT – Radar imaging satellite to monitor border

§ Oceansat – Oceanographic, Atmospheric application

§ ANUSAT – Research micro satellite

Satellite Concept

Satellite is an Object which orbits the planet or any object in the space, called Natural Satellite like moon & Artificial Satellite has been placed into orbit by human Endeavour called Space flight like Sputnik, Explorer, Aryabhata.

Satellite used for many Purposes.

Common uses are Earth Observation, Communication, Navigation, Weather, Spy, Research & Global Positioning System etc.

Satellites classified by type of Orbits. These are

1. Geo Stationary Orbit Satellite – This type of Satellite orbits the earth in a Circle Path in the same earth rotating direction from west to east.

2. Polar Orbit Satellite – This type of Satellite orbits the earth in Elliptic Path as a earth rotating the sun.

3. Low Earth Orbit – This type of Satellite orbits the earth in between 100 to 1240 miles from earth surface.

Space Debris – The unused Satellite parts are called space debris and it around the earth in some altitude.

Space Probes – The unused or Space waste around other planet or bodies in space like moon, sun, mercury etc called Space probes.

CONCEPT:

In flat place or over the earth surface, while you throw (give some side force to) the stone it fall to the earth with Parabolic Path due to the Earth Gravity and Air Pressure effect. And now you increased the Force and Height (Vertical-Perigee) from the earth, the falling distance (Horizontal-Apogee) from where you stand, also increased. In Space, the earth gravity is less and no effect of air pressure (no air), the increased Height and Side Force High the Satellite Orbits the Earth Continuously and it will fall down into earth slowly after some years.

• To orbit the earth continuously, release the satellite in space with the Orbital Velocity of 29000 k.m speed/hour is known as side force and it given by the small Rocket Thruster.
• To release from the Earth Gravity, it must sent at the Escape Velocity of 38000 k.m/hour given by the Powerful Rockets. ( to release from the sun gravity sent at 59700 k.m/hour, called Cosmic Velocity)
• To change the Satellite Path, Angle & Height in space, we used the Solid fuel Rocket Thruster. While release the satellite the initial side force is given by the Rocket afterwards no fuel is needed for orbit.
• This side force is Calculated due to Earth gravity and Earth weight with respect to Height.
• For Example – Geo Stationary Satellite speed 26,489 k.m/hour at 1,000 k.m

Speed 21,327k.m/hour at 5,000k.m

Speed 12,840k.m/hour at 25,000k.m &

At 35,786k.m speed is equalize to the earth’s self orbiting speed, 1,609k.m/hour

• Geo Stationary Orbit Satellite Path (Circle) diameter must pass through the Earth Centre otherwise the satellite will fall into the earth. The Earth Radius is 6370k.m

• In Polar Orbit Satellite Path (Elliptic), joining of two end centre must pass through the Earth Centre. For Example – Sputnik 1 – Perigee 230k.m & Apogee 890k.m(Russia), Explorer 1 – Perigee 265k.m & Apogee 76,000k.m (America).
• At Perigee the distance from the earth is small. So avoid the gravity fall the satellite speed is increased in that stage. Finally Elliptic path changed into Circle path and fall into the earth after many years.

World's Top Space Research Centers

Hi Friends..!!

Wishes For World Space Week-October 4-10

Here World's Top Space Research Centers

I think most of the people well known United States and Russia's Space Center

1. NASA - National Aeronautics & Space Administration

• Under - U.S government
• Formed - July 29, 1958 and after NACA from 1915 to 1958
• Headquarters - Washington,D.C
• For Latest News - www.nasa.gov

2. ROSCOSMOS - Russian Federal Space Agency

• Under - RUSSIAN government
• Formed - 1992 and after Soviet Space Program from 1922 to 1991
• Headquarters - Moscow
• For Latest News - www.roscosmos.ru

3. CNES - French Space Agency

• Under - FRANCE government
• Formed - 1961
• Headquarters - Paris
• For Latest News - www.cnes.fr

4. JAXA - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

• Under - JAPAN government
• Formed - 2003 after NASDA (1969-2003) & ISAS (from 1981) & NAL (1955)
• Headquarters - Tokyo
• For Latest News - www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html

5. DLR - German Aerospace Center

• Under - GERMAN government
• Formed - 1969
• Headquarters - Koln-Porz
• For Latest News - www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002

6. CNSA - China National Space Administration

• Under - CHINA government
• Formed - 1993 after CASC (from 1956)
• Headquarters - Beijing
• For Latest News - www.cnsa.gov.cn/n615709/cindex.html

7. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation

• Under - INDIAN government
• Formed - August 15, 1969
• Headquarters - Bangalore
• For Latest News - www.isro.org (or) www.vssc.gov.in

Space Station Intro

Space Station is Just like a Laboratory.It is not on the Earth, it surrounds the earth like moon or artificial satellite in Low earth orbit (means 100 to 1240 miles above the earth surface or sea level).This built by nations of the world with the Micro gravity environment very small Gravity-forces, here

gravity due to the earth, 9 m/s2.

gravity due to the sun, 6mm/s2.

gravity due to the rest milky way, 200pm/s2

Early Space stations are the Almaz and Salyut series, Skylab and most recently Mir.

Currently two space stations are in orbit; the International Space station (ISS) and the china's Tiangong 1.

Almaz launched by Soviet Union from 1965 to 1970.

Three Almaz stations were launched:Military Space Station

Almaz 101.1 or Salyut 2

Almaz 101.2 or Salyut 3

Almaz 103 0r Salyut 5

Salyut launched by Soviet Union from 1971 to 1982

Series are 1 to 7

Skylab launched by NASA, the space agency of the United States from 1973 to 1979.

Mir launched by Soviet and later Russian Space Station from 1986 to 2001

Note- If any mistake is there.Most Welcome to point out.......

Images from Google....

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